CBCT Analysis of Maxillary First Molar in Indian Population.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the variations in root canal morphology of permanent maxillary first molar with the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: One hundred extracted teeth were cleaned and arranged in U shape template mimicking natural arch in set of five teeth. These arches were scanned in CBCT and were analyzed by expert radiologist for number of roots, number of canals per root, and Vertucci classification. Result: A maximum number of permanent maxillary first molars had three roots, and only 2% had two roots. All the palatal roots and 99% of distobuccal roots had one canal, but one of the distobuccal roots had two canals. Incidence of two canals in MB root is more frequent (60%) than incidence of one canal. The most common type of Vertucci's classification for MB root is a type I, followed by type IV, type II, type VI, type V, type VII. How to cite this article: Sharma M, Gupta S, Bhayya DP, et al. CBCT Analysis of Maxillary First Molar in Indian Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):258-262.

Evaluation of the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) as storage media in maintaining periodontal ligament cell viability: An in vitro study.

AIMS: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of neem and turmeric as storage media in maintaining periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety premolar extracted teeth were randomly selected and divided into three groups, namely milk as a control group and neem and turmeric as experimental groups. The teeth were placed in one of the three storage media for 30 min. Scrapped PDL fibers were collected in Falcon tubes, incubated, and centrifuged for 5 min at 800 rpm. Obtained PDL cells were stained with trypan blue, observed, and counted in a hemocytometer under microscope, which was followed by the calculation of percentages of viable cells. One-way ANOVA was applied for comparison between different groups, and Tukey's test was applied for pair-wise comparison. RESULTS: Mean percentage of viable cells in milk was 89.98 ± 4.11%, whereas in neem and turmeric extracts, it was 88.00 ± 5.85% and 81.63 ± 7.12%, respectively. There was a significant difference between all the three storage media for the viable PDL cells (P = 0.001). Intergroup comparison of the different storage media showed that there was a statistically highly significant difference between milk and turmeric (P ≤ 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in between turmeric and neem (P ≤ 0.531) for the viable cell percentage, with neem being better storage medium than the turmeric. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that neem is as efficient as milk in maintaining the PDL cell viability. Turmeric, though is an efficient storage medium, was not as efficient as milk and neem.

Evaluation of determinants for the nickel release by the standard orthodontic brackets.

AIM: The study was aimed to assess the effect of different pH and immersion time on the amount of nickel release from simulated orthodontic appliance of 3M Unitek company. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Nickel ion release was evaluated after subjecting the brackets to the simulated artificial oral environment. In this study, 90 stainless steel brackets of 3M Unitek Company were tested by immersing them in artificial saliva of pH 4.2, pH 6.5 and pH 7.6 for a time interval of 1hour, 1 week and 1 month (T1 - 1h, T2 - 7 days, T3 - 30 days) respectively. The data was subjected for the one-way ANOVA and the post-hoc test for the statistical comparison. RESULTS: Means of 2.99±0.77, 9.53±4.26 and 12.65±2 .52 ppb (parts per billion by volume) of nickel were released for 4.2 pH at a time interval of 1hour, 7 days and 1 month respectively. Means of 5.37±2.26, 10.94±1.51 and 16.92±1.69 ppb of nickel were released for 6.5 pH at a time interval of 1hour, 7 days and 1 month respectively. A mean of 2.13±0.92, 0.74±0.54 and 18.83±1.02 ppb of nickel was released for 7.6 pH at a time interval of 1 hr, 7 days and 1 month respectively. CONCLUSION: pH of the artificial saliva significantly affected the amount of nickel release. Acidic pH was found to increase the amount of nickel release in the artificial saliva. Time duration of bracket immersion significantly affected the amount of nickel release.

Prevalence of tobacco usage and its effect on the periodontal health parameters in the mining employees and the general population - A comparative study

Objective: Comparison of the prevalence of usage of tobacco products and its effect on the periodontal health parameters of the mining laborers and the general population of Udaipur city, India. Materials and methods: the cross sectional study was performed on the sample of 980 adults including 500 mining employees and 480 subjects from the general population. The presence or absence of the tobacco products usage was noted. The ADA type III examination using the community periodontal probe was done. The data obtained was subjected to chi-square and Cramer' v statistical analysis. Results: 79.40% of the mining-employees and 61.67% of the general population used different tobacco products, the difference noted was statistically significant (p=0.000). The most common periodontal condition amongst the mining employees and the general population was the presence of calculus (39% and 35.63% respectively) followed by the 4-5mm periodontal probing depth (29.20% and 26.04% respectively). The difference spotted was significant (p=0.018). There was statistically significant difference between the tobacco users and non- users for the different periodontal conditions (p=0.000). Conclusion: the tobacco product usage was high in mining employees group. There was a positive correlation between the usage of tobacco products and the periodontal health parameters (AU)

A comparative evaluation of clinical and radiographic success rate of pulpotomy in primary molars using antioxidant mix and mineral trioxide aggregate: An in vivo 1-year follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: Pulpotomy technique is most widely accepted clinical procedure for treating primary teeth with coronal pulp inflammation caused by caries with no involvement of the radicular pulp. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the success and efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and antioxidant mix as pulpotomy agents both clinically and radiographically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of forty primary molars in children aged between 6 and 9 years, requiring for pulpotomy procedures, were selected. Random samples distribution was done, antioxidant mix (n = 20) and MTA (n = 20) both were used as pulpotomy agent. Under rubber dam isolation, pulpotomy procedure was performed in all samples followed by restoration with stainless steel crowns. Later, the patients were recalled after 6 and 12 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation. The data were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Statistically analysis shows no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05) with respect to clinical and radiographic success rate, but antioxidant mix showed more efficient result than MTA. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant mix pulpotomy is more biocompatible and cost effective than any other commercially available medicament.

Prevalence of Need of Orthodontic Treatment in 7-16-Year-Old School Children in Udaipur City, India.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to estimate the need of orthodontic treatment in 7-16-year-old school children in Udaipur city, India. METHODS: This cross sectional study enrolled 1029 subjects (661 males and 368 females) belonging to Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Subjects who had not undergone orthodontic treatment were randomly selected. The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed using the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) by the same calibrated examiner. Collected data were quantitatively analyzed, and the difference pertaining to prevalence between males and females was measured using the chi-square test. RESULTS: A Grade 1 IOTN score was observed in 48.4% of the population. Grade 2 was observed in 22.9% of the population. A significant difference was noted for the prevalence of Grades 1, 2, and 3 between male and female children, with male children showing greater prevalence of malocclusion grades. Grades 4 and 5, which were noted less frequently, did not show a significant difference with respect to sex. CONCLUSION: A higher percentage of the sample required moderate orthodontic treatment. This necessitates proper education and motivation to undergo orthodontic treatment.

Awareness and prevention of patient gag reflex among pedodontists in India: A web-based survey.

AIM: The aim of this study is to devise a reliable and valid web-based survey to predict the awareness level and prevention of patient's gag reflex among Indian pedodontists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An 11-question predictive gagging survey was created, refined, and tested on 377 pedodontists. The questions focused on age group, common procedure associated with gag reflex and the most common technique adapted by dentists in their clinics to prevent gag. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in gagging reflex among age groups with 53.5% of patients reported anxiety and fear as a main cause of gag; behavioral modification technique was considered as the most reliable method for gagging prevention in 68.5% of patients and there was no statistically significant difference in gagging severity index among patients irrespective of age, causes, and methods used to prevent it. CONCLUSION: The web-based gagging survey established that level of awareness regarding management of patient's gag is significantly low among pedodontists in India and hence is a major hindrance in the clinical practice.

Evaluation of Pharyngeal Space in Different Combinations of Class II Skeletal Malocclusion.

OBJECTIVES: The study was aimed to evaluate the pharyngeal airway linear measurements of untreated skeletal class II subjects with normal facial vertical pattern in prognathic maxilla with orthognathic mandible and orthognathic maxilla with retrognathic mandible. MATERIALS AND METHOD: the sample comprised of lateral Cephalograms of two groups (30 each) of class II malocclusion variants. Group 1 comprised of class II malocclusion with prognathic maxilla and orthognathic mandible, whereas group 2 comprised of class II malocclusion with orthognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible. Each group was traced for the linear measurements of the pharyngeal airway like the oropharynx, nasopharynx and soft palate. The obtained data was subjected to independent t test and the Mann Whitney test to check the difference between the two groups and within the groups respectively. RESULTS: there was significant difference between all the linear measurements at the soft palate region and the distance between the tip of soft palate to its counter point on the pharyngeal wall in oropharynx region (p-ppm). CONCLUSION: the pharyngeal airway for class II malocclusion with various combination in an average growth pattern adult showed significant difference. The present results suggested, that the pharyngeal airway space might be the etiological factor for different sagittal growth pattern of the jaws and probable usage of different growth modification appliance can influence the pharyngeal airway.

Assessment of microbial contamination on twice a day used toothbrush head after 1-month and 3 months: An in vitro study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of vitro study was to assessment of the bacterial contamination on daily twice-used toothbrushes in different conditions after 1-month and 3 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty children aged between 6 and 12 years were selected for this study. Toothbrushes and toothpaste were distributed among those children. Among those children, 20 children brushed their teeth for 1-month and 20 brushed their teeth for 3 months twice a day. Among those, 10 were kept in same brush box with a family member and 10 were kept in separate brush box after the use. Toothbrush from every child was recollected to investigate the contamination of microorganisms. Head of the toothbrushes transferred to a tube containing 10 ml of tryptone soy broth. This was followed by vortex mixing for 1 min to dislodge suspected adherent bacteria. The bacterial suspension was serially diluted to obtain dilution factors of up to 10(-3). 1 ml each of the dilution factors was obtained using a sterile pipette and plated on plate count agar. Petri dishes containing agar media were incubated and examined using a compound microscope. RESULTS: There was high mean difference between 1-month and 3 months, twice a day used toothbrush those kept with family members and those kept separate. CONCLUSIONS: Toothbrush should keep in a separate box. Moreover, toothbrush should to be change after 3-4 weeks.

Finite element study on modification of bracket base and its effects on bond strength.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to analyze the difference in stresses generated in the bracket-cement-tooth system by means of a peel load in single and double-mesh bracket bases using a three-dimensional finite element computer model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A three-dimensional finite element model of the bracket-cement-tooth system was constructed and consisted of 40,536 bonds and 49,201 finite elements using a commercial mesh generating programmer (ANSYS 7.0). Both single and double-mesh bracket bases were modified by varying the diameter from 100-400 µm progressively, and the spacing between the mesh wires was kept at 300 µm for each diameter of wire. A peel load was applied on the model to study the stresses generated in different layers. RESULTS: In case of double-mesh bracket base, there was reduction in stress generation at the enamel in comparison to single-mesh bracket base. There was no difference in stress generated at the bracket layer between single and double-mesh bracket bases. At the impregnated wire mesh (IWM), layer stresses increased as the wire diameter of the mesh increased. CONCLUSION: Results show that bracket design modification can improve bonding abilities and simultaneously reduce enamel damage while debonding. These facts may be used in bringing about the new innovative bracket designs for clinical use.

Finite element study on modification of bracket base and its effects on bond strength

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to analyze the difference in stresses generated in the bracket-cement-tooth system by means of a peel load in single and double-mesh bracket bases using a three-dimensional finite element computer model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A three-dimensional finite element model of the bracket-cement-tooth system was constructed and consisted of 40,536 bonds and 49,201 finite elements using a commercial mesh generating programmer (ANSYS 7.0). Both single and double-mesh bracket bases were modified by varying the diameter from 100-400 µm progressively, and the spacing between the mesh wires was kept at 300 µm for each diameter of wire. A peel load was applied on the model to study the stresses generated in different layers. RESULTS: In case of double-mesh bracket base, there was reduction in stress generation at the enamel in comparison to single-mesh bracket base. There was no difference in stress generated at the bracket layer between single and double-mesh bracket bases. At the impregnated wire mesh (IWM), layer stresses increased as the wire diameter of the mesh increased. CONCLUSION: Results show that bracket design modification can improve bonding abilities and simultaneously reduce enamel damage while debonding. These facts may be used in bringing about the new innovative bracket designs for clinical use. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a diferença entre as tensões geradas na interface braquete-cemento-dente por meio do teste peel load em bases de braquete de malha simples e dupla e do método de elementos finitos tridimensional. MÉTODOS: foi construído um modelo de elementos finitos do sistema composto pela interface braquete-cemento-dente. Esse modelo consistiu de 40.536 nós e 49.201 elementos finitos. A análise foi feita com a ajuda do programa ANSYS 7.0. Tanto a base de braquete de malha única quanto a de malha dupla sofreram modificações no diâmetro, que variou de 100 a 400µm, progressivamente. O espaço entre os fios das malhas foi mantido a 300µm para o diâmetro de cada fio. O teste peel load foi aplicado ao modelo para investigar as tensões geradas nas diferentes camadas. RESULTADOS: quando comparadas às bases de braquetes de malha simples, as bases de braquetes de malha dupla geraram menos tensão no esmalte dentário. Não foram detectadas diferenças entre as tensões geradas na superfície dos braquetes com bases de malha simples e dupla. Na malha de fios impregnados (MFI), houve um aumento na tensão com o aumento do diâmetro dos fios que compõem a malha. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados revelam que as modificações no desenho do braquete podem aumentar a colagem e, ao mesmo tempo, minimizar os danos causados no esmalte durante o processo de descolagem. Esses fatos podem ser utilizados no desenvolvimento de desenhos de braquetes inovadores, destinados à utilização clínica. .

Traumatic injuries in the primary teeth of 4- to 6-year-old school children in gulbarga city, India. A prevalence study.

AIMS: The aims of the study were: to assess the prevalence of traumatic injuries to the teeth of 4- to 6-year-old children living in Gulbarga City, India, to determine prevalence of such dental traumatic injuries at the ages of 4, 5, and 6 years and to compare the prevalence of these injuries between male and female children. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed. It consisted of a clinical examination of upper and lower deciduous anterior teeth by one examiner and an interview using a questionnaire with a sample of 1500 children aged 4 to 6 years who attended kindergarten and primary schools in Gulbarga city. Garcia-Godoy's (1981) classification was used to classify the traumatic injuries. Intra-examiner consistency was assessed by kappa values on tooth-by-tooth basis. The chisquare test was used to analyse any gender and age differences. RESULTS: The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 76.13%, of which crown fracture with enamel involvement of teeth was the most prevalent, followed by crown fracture with both enamel and dentine involvement. Significant and highly significant differences were found between boys and girls for discoloration of teeth (P<0.05), crown fracture involving enamel (P<0.001) and crown fracture involving both enamel and dentine (P<0.001). The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in the 5-year-old children was higher than that in the 4- and 6-year-olds. The commonest cause of injury was due to a fall (60%) and in 40% of cases of traumatic injury, they occurred in a field/playground. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth of the 4- to 6-year-olds who took part in this study was very high. There is a need to run educational programmes to increase parents' awareness of the risks of dental trauma.

Clinical evaluation of the plaque-removing ability of four different toothbrushes in visually impaired children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of plaque removal of four different toothbrushes in visually disabled children. Three manual toothbrushes with different bristle designs (Oral-B CrossAction 40-regular, Oral-B ShinyClean 40-soft, Oral-B Advantage 40-soft) were compared with an electric toothbrush with an oscillating rotating head (Colgate Motion). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty visually impaired children in a professional education center participated in the study and were divided into 4 groups of 10 participants each. To obtain a plaque-free condition at baseline, professional toothcleaning was performed on each participant. After instructions on how to use the toothbrushes, each group started the experiment using a differently designed toothbrush. After 1 week of application, the Quigley Hein plaque index (QHI) was used to assess the oral hygiene status of each participant. Student's t-test was chosen for comparing brushes. P < 0.01 was considered as the significance level. Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: The QHI values obtained with the electric Colgate Motion brush were the lowest (0.088 ± 0.051) and Advantage (0.801 ± 0.132) the highest. Although the QHI values with the manual Oral-B CrossAction (0.439 ± 0.094) were lower than those with the Oral-B shiny clean (0.503 ± 0.098), there was no statistical difference between the two. CONCLUSION: The electric toothbrushes are still the most effective in the visually disabled group. However, because of cheaper cost, easier availability and use, the Oral-B CrossAction toothbrush with criss-cross bristles could be a suitable alternative.

Evaluation of the stresses generated by altering the bracket mesh base design in the bracket-cement-tooth continuum using the finite element method of stress analysis.

AIM: To analyze the influence of bracket base mesh geometry on the stresses generated in the tooth-cement-bracket continuum by a shear/peel load case and to compare the stress generated by three different loads (masticatory, peel, and twisting) on the bracket mesh base by employing a three-dimensional (3D) finite element computer model. METHODS: A validated 3D finite element model of the bracket-cement-tooth system was constructed consisting of 40,536 nodes and 49,201 finite elements. RESULTS: An increase in the diameter of the bracket mesh base wire resulted in a decrease in the stress at the enamel and cement. Increase in wire spacing (200 to 500 mm) increased the stresses in the enamel and cement at all wire diameters, but within the impregnated wire mesh, the major stress decreased with the increase in the wire spacing. Peel load produced comparatively less stress on enamel than masticatory and twisting force. CONCLUSION: Alteration in mesh spacing and wire diameter influences the magnitude and distribution of stresses within the bracket-cement-tooth continuum. Peel load and twisting load are best to debond the bracket since they produced minimal stress on the enamel, which is suggestive of lower chances of enamel damage.

Study of occlusal characteristics of primary dentition and the prevalence of maloclusion in 4 to 6 years old children in India.

BACKGROUND: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and to determine the different occlusal characteristics in primary dentition of 4 to 6 years old children in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The target population comprised 4 to 6 years old children attending different nursery, kindergarten and primary schools of Bagalkot city. Stratified cluster random sampling procedure was executed to collect the representative sample. Each subject was assessed for various occlusal characteristics. RESULTS: Occlusal characteristic found were flush terminal plane (52.5%), class I canine relationship (84%), maxillary developmental spaces (35.4%), primate spaces in maxilla (47.6%), mandibular crowding (4.6%), mandibular midline shift (5.6%), anterior multiple tooth crossbite (1.3%), scissors bite (0.6%), anterior open bite (1%), over bite of 0-2 mm (81.6%) and overjet of 0-2 mm (84.5%). The age wise difference for the occlusal characteristics was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The data revealed that most of the children had malocclusion. This highlights the importance of identifying children who are in need of orthodontic treatment for dental health or aesthetic reasons.

Gender influence on occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 4- to 6-year-old children of Bagalkot City, India.

PURPOSE: To record, determine and discuss the gender influence on the overall prevalence of occlusal characteristics of primary dentition of 4- to 6-year-old children of Bagalkot City, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1000 children (583 boys and 417 girls) 4 to 6 years old were evaluated clinically for primary molars, primary canines, developmental spaces, measurements of overjet and overbite, crowding, anterior or posterior cross bite, midline discrepancies, lateral profile, as well as assessment of the presence of lip incompetency. A stratified cluster random sampling procedure was executed to collect the representative sample. RESULTS: Highly significant differences between males and females were observed for the prevalence of flush terminal plane molar relationship, class I and II canine relationship, overjet and overbite of 0 to 2 mm, and for both convex and straight profile. A significant difference was seen for the occurrence of mesial step and asymmetric molar relationship, presence of developmental and primate spaces, shift in maxillary dental midline, presence of both single tooth anterior and bilateral posterior cross bite, overjet of 2 to 4 mm and convex profile. CONCLUSIONS: The data revealed that most of the children had a malocclusion and that there was a significant difference between male and female occlusal characteristics. This highlights the importance of identifying children who are in need of orthodontic treatment for dental health or aesthetic reasons. The study also indicated that the prevalence of most of the occlusal characteristics were comparable with other communities, but there existed substantial differences in prevalence of some traits.

Are ratings of dentofacial attractiveness influenced by dentofacial midline discrepancies?

AIMS: To assess the attractiveness of dentofacial midline discrepancies during smiling, and to determine if the ratings were influenced by the gender of the judges. METHODS: Twenty non-dental undergraduate students (10 males, mean age: 33.5 years; 10 females, mean age: 31.2 years) and 20 orthodontists (10 males, mean age: 36.6 years; 10 females, mean age: 34.3 years) assessed frontal photographs of the same smiling adult female with coincident midlines, and images of the same person with the upper dental midline shifted 2 mm and 4 mm to the right and left of the facial midline. The judges scored the attractiveness of the smile using 5-point scale. RESULTS: Both the students and the orthodontists considered that the images were less attractive as the dentofacial midline discrepancy increased. More orthodontists than undergraduate students, and more female orthodontists than male orthodontists, considered a 4 mm discrepancy between the dental and facial midlines as unattractive. CONCLUSION: Dental to facial midline discrepancies reduce dentofacial attractiveness. Discrepancies of 2 mm or more are likely to be noticed by both orthodontists and non-dental university students. Orthodontic treatment objectives should include correction of the dental midline discrepancies to within 2 mm of the facial midline.